The residents of Alsace realize how precious their language is to them when M. Hamel announces that the order has come from Berlin to teach only German in the schools of Alsace and Lorraine. This revelation occurs during M. Hamel's last French lesson, marking the end of French language instruction. The news shocks the students and the villagers present in the school, making them aware of the imminent loss of their language. The realization dawns upon them that holding onto their language is crucial, as it is a key to preserving their identity and resisting the cultural assimilation imposed by the occupying Prussians.

Q2. What was Franz's feeling as he set out for school and why?

Franz's feeling as he set out for school was a mixture of dread and fear. He was particularly anxious about M. Hamel's announcement that there would be a question on participles, a topic he knew nothing about. The fear of a scolding and the pressure of the upcoming examination made Franz briefly consider skipping school and enjoying the beautiful day outdoors. However, Franz ultimately resists the temptation and decides to go to school despite his apprehensions.

Q3. Why was M. Hamel dressed in formal clothes in school?

M. Hamel was dressed in formal clothes in school because it was his last lesson before leaving Alsace. He wore his beautiful green coat, frilled shirt, and a little black silk cap, all embroidered. This attire was reserved for special occasions like inspections and prize days. M. Hamel's formal dressing on this particular day symbolized the significance and solemnity of the occasion, marking the end of his forty years of faithful service as a teacher in Alsace.

Q4. The last lesson reflects the flaws in human character that led to the sad plight of people in Alsace. Substantiate your answer with evidence from the text.

The text suggests the flaws in human character that contributed to the sad plight of the people in Alsace. M. Hamel, in his final lesson, points out the procrastination and neglect of learning among both the students and their parents. He mentions how everyone, including himself, had put off learning, thinking they had plenty of time. The teacher acknowledges his own role in diverting students from studies, such as sending them to water flowers or giving holidays for fishing.

Moreover, the mention of the old men of the village sitting in the back of the room with regretful expressions indicates a collective sense of remorse. Their failure to prioritize education and language learning contributed to the vulnerability of the community when faced with the imposition of German as the sole language of instruction. Overall, the text suggests that personal shortcomings, including procrastination and a lack of commitment to education, played a part in the cultural and linguistic crisis faced by the people of Alsace.

Q5. Explain the inference that can be drawn from the line : “Will they make them sing in German, even the pigeons ?” ( All India 2024/ Set 1/5/1)

Ans: The line “Will they make them sing in German, even the pigeons?” reflects the speaker’s frustration with the forced imposition of German on French villagers. It suggests the absurdity of the situation, as if the Prussians aim to control everything, even nature, symbolizing the villagers' helplessness at losing their language and identity.

My Mother At Sixty-Six

What are the feelings of the poet about her aged mother with reference to the poem ‘My Mother at Sixty Six’ ?

Indigo (2023-2022)

Q1. Describe the role of Raj Kumar Shukla in Indigo.

Ans: Raj Kumar Shukla played a crucial role in the Champaran episode related to the indigo cultivation issue. He was a sharecropper from Champaran who approached Gandhi during the 1916 Indian National Congress party convention. Shukla, representing the grievances of indigo sharecroppers, persistently requested Gandhi to visit Champaran and address the injustice of the landlord system. Shukla's determination and continuous presence alongside Gandhi influenced him to eventually agree to visit Champaran. Shukla served as a catalyst in drawing Gandhi's attention to the plight of the peasants, leading to Gandhi's involvement in the Champaran struggle against the oppressive indigo plantation system.

Q2. Champaran Episode as the Beginning of Indian Struggle for Independence.

The Champaran episode is considered the beginning of the Indian struggle for independence because it marked Mahatma Gandhi's first organized act of civil disobedience against British rule in India.

In 1917, Gandhi, in response to the plight of indigo sharecroppers, led a nonviolent protest against oppressive British landlords in Champaran, Bihar. This was a pivotal moment as it demonstrated Gandhi's method of nonviolent resistance and mass mobilization against unjust colonial policies.

The success of the Champaran movement showcased the power of nonviolent civil disobedience, inspiring subsequent movements against British rule. It laid the foundation for Gandhi's philosophy of Satyagraha and provided a template for the larger independence struggle, setting a precedent for peaceful resistance against colonial oppression.

Q3. Why did Gandhi agree to a settlement of twenty-five percent refund to the peasants?

Gandhi agreed to a settlement of twenty-five percent refund to the peasants in the Champaran indigo issue as a pragmatic compromise. When the British planters offered to refund only 25 percent of the money extorted from the sharecroppers, Gandhi surprisingly accepted the offer. Despite the expectations that he would demand full repayment, Gandhi prioritized the symbolic victory over the monetary amount. By accepting the 25 percent refund, he aimed to break the deadlock and emphasize the landlords' obligation to surrender part of the money, thus diminishing their prestige. For Gandhi, the essence lay in establishing the principle that the landlords were accountable and that the peasants had rights and defenders.

Q4. Civil Disobedience had triumphed for the first time in modern India. When and how did it happen? (120-150 words/ 5 Marks)

The triumph of civil disobedience in modern India occurred during the Champaran episode. In 1917, when Gandhi was summoned to court for his refusal to leave Champaran and received a notice to quit the region, he disobeyed the order. Facing a potential legal battle, Gandhi declared his guilt and was prepared to face the consequences.

However, a spontaneous demonstration by thousands of peasants in support of Gandhi outside the courthouse created a situation where the authorities felt powerless without his cooperation. The officials requested a delay in the trial, and eventually, the Lieutenant-Governor ordered the case to be dropped. This marked the first instance of civil disobedience succeeding against the British authorities in modern India, establishing a precedent for future nonviolent resistance.

Q5. What does Gandhi refer to as ‘conflict of duties’?

Ans: Gandhi refers to the 'conflict of duties' when he explains his refusal to obey the order to leave Champaran immediately. On one hand, he felt a duty not to set a bad example as a lawbreaker, and on the other hand, he was committed to rendering "humanitarian and national service" for the distressed peasants.

Gandhi believed that his disobedience was not a disregard for lawful authority but an obedience to the higher law of conscience, emphasizing the moral and ethical dimensions of his actions. This 'conflict of duties' highlights Gandhi's philosophy of balancing legal obligations with a higher moral duty to serve humanity and fight against injustice.

Q6. What would be the impact of synthetic indigo on the prices of natural indigo?

Ans: The landlords in Champaran compelled sharecroppers to cultivate indigo as the chief commercial crop. However, when Germany developed synthetic indigo, the landlords obtained agreements from sharecroppers to release them from the 15 percent indigo cultivation arrangement. This suggests that the availability of synthetic indigo made the traditional cultivation less profitable or desirable.

The shift to synthetic indigo would likely have led to a decline in demand for natural indigo, potentially affecting its prices negatively. The landlords sought compensation from sharecroppers for releasing them from the indigo arrangement, indicating a recognition of the changing economic dynamics due to the introduction of synthetic alternatives.

2022

Q7. What would be the impact of synthetic indigo on the prices of natural indigo?

Ans: Refer to the above answer.

Q8. What changes occurred in the lives of farmers after Gandhi's visit to Champaran?

Ans: After Gandhi's visit to Champaran, several significant changes occurred in the lives of the farmers:

1. End of Indigo Sharecropping: The successful intervention by Gandhi and the subsequent inquiry led to a resolution of the issues faced by the indigo sharecroppers. The British planters agreed, in principle, to make refunds to the peasants, signaling the end of the oppressive indigo sharecropping system.

2. Empowerment and Liberation: The spontaneous demonstration by thousands of peasants in support of Gandhi marked the beginning of their liberation from fear of British authorities. This empowerment was a result of the nonviolent resistance led by Gandhi, showcasing the potential of civil disobedience in challenging colonial oppression.

3. Land Reversion to Peasants: Within a few years, the British planters abandoned their estates, and the land reverted to the peasants. This marked a significant shift in land ownership, giving the peasants control over the land they cultivated.

4. Cultural and Social Development: Gandhi recognized the cultural and social backwardness in Champaran villages. As part of his efforts to bring about immediate change, he appealed for teachers, and volunteers, including Gandhi's associates and their wives, started opening primary schools in six villages. This initiative aimed to address the educational needs of the community.

5. Health and Sanitation Improvement: Gandhi, during his stay, addressed health conditions by getting a doctor to volunteer services. Basic medical treatments were provided, and efforts were made to improve personal cleanliness and community sanitation.

6. Development of Self-Reliance: Gandhi's emphasis on self-reliance was evident when he opposed the idea of relying on an Englishman, Charles Freer Andrews, during the struggle. This instilled a sense of self-reliance among the local leaders, as highlighted by Rajendra Prasad's comments.

In summary, Gandhi's visit to Champaran brought about a positive transformation in the lives of the farmers, leading to the end of oppressive practices, empowerment, and improvements in education, health, and self-reliance.

Q9. How did Civil disobedience triumph for the first time in India?

Ans: The triumph of civil disobedience for the first time in modern India is illustrated in the Champaran episode, as depicted in the story . Here's a detailed explanation:

1. Gandhi's Disobedience and Summons to Court:

Gandhi, in response to the grievances of indigo sharecroppers in Champaran, refused to obey the order to leave the region, asserting his commitment to addressing the issues faced by the peasants.
This act of civil disobedience by Gandhi, openly defying British authorities, led to his summons to appear in court for his refusal to comply with the order.

2. Spontaneous Peasant Demonstration:

The news of Gandhi's summons spread quickly among the local peasants in Champaran.
In a remarkable show of support and solidarity, thousands of peasants gathered outside the courthouse in a spontaneous demonstration, expressing their backing for Gandhi.

3. Authorities Powerless without Gandhi's Cooperation:

Faced with the massive and united demonstration of the local population, the British authorities found themselves powerless to proceed without Gandhi's cooperation.
The officials, feeling the strength of the united peasant front, requested a delay in the trial, indicating their recognition of the potential unrest and challenges they would face without Gandhi's cooperation.

4. Case Dropped and Triumph of Civil Disobedience:

The Lieutenant-Governor, influenced by the situation and the support for Gandhi, ordered the case against him to be dropped.
This marked the triumph of civil disobedience for the first time in modern India. Gandhi's refusal to obey the order and the subsequent overwhelming support from the local population forced the British authorities to concede, signaling the effectiveness of nonviolent resistance against colonial oppression.

5. Impact and Symbolism:

The Champaran episode became a symbol of the power of civil disobedience and nonviolent resistance against British rule.
It inspired confidence among Indians that peaceful mass mobilization could challenge and triumph over the seemingly unquestionable authority of the British colonial rulers.

Conclusion:

In essence, the Champaran episode represents the first successful instance of civil disobedience in modern India, as Gandhi's principled stand and the united support of the peasants compelled the British authorities to back down and drop the case against him. This event laid the groundwork for Gandhi's philosophy of Satyagraha and became a beacon for future movements in the Indian struggle for independence.

Q10. Gandhiji worked for the social backwardness in Chamaparan villages. Elaborate with instances from the text.

Ans: Gandhi's work in Champaran extended beyond addressing the economic grievances of the indigo sharecroppers. He also focused on alleviating the social and cultural backwardness in the villages. Several instances from the text highlight Gandhi's efforts in this regard:

1. Education Initiatives:

Gandhi appealed for teachers to address the educational needs of the community in Champaran.
Volunteers, including Gandhi's associates and their wives, responded to the call, and primary schools were opened in six villages.
This initiative aimed to uplift the educational standards of the local population, contributing to the overall social development.

2. Focus on Personal Cleanliness and Community Sanitation:

Kasturbai, Gandhi's wife, took on the role of teaching the ashram rules on personal cleanliness and community sanitation.
This effort was a practical step toward improving hygiene practices and living conditions in the villages, addressing a crucial aspect of social well-being.

3. Health Improvement Measures:

Gandhi noticed the poor health conditions in Champaran and took action to address them.
A doctor volunteered his services for six months, offering medical assistance to the villagers.
Basic medicines, including castor oil, quinine, and sulphur ointment, were provided to address common health issues, reflecting Gandhi's concern for the well-being of the community.

4. Empowerment of Women:

Gandhi, recognizing the conditions of women in Champaran, addressed the issue of dirty clothes.
He instructed Kasturbai to talk to women about improving cleanliness and hygiene.
This intervention aimed at empowering women and enhancing their living conditions, contributing to the broader social upliftment.

5. Societal Transformation Through Education:

Gandhi's emphasis on education went beyond academic learning; it included imparting values and principles for personal and community development.
By establishing schools and promoting education, Gandhi sought to bring about a broader societal transformation, empowering individuals with knowledge and fostering a sense of responsibility and community.

6. Awareness of Latrine Maintenance:

Gandhi, even from a distance, monitored the ashram and its activities in Champaran.
He emphasized the importance of maintaining hygiene by instructing the filling of old latrine trenches and digging new ones.

Conclusion:

This directive reflected Gandhi's holistic approach to social development, considering even basic sanitary facilities as essential for community well-being.
In summary, Gandhi's work in Champaran went beyond the economic aspects, encompassing initiatives to address social backwardness.

Through education, health interventions, cleanliness campaigns, and empowerment efforts, he aimed to uplift the overall well-being of the Champaran villages, reflecting his commitment to holistic and sustainable social development.

2022

Q11. Gandhi effectively managed to redress the problems of the indigo sharecroppers with the Lieutenant Governor. What did he achieve?

Ans: Gandhi, through persistent efforts, convinced the Lieutenant Governor to appoint an official commission of inquiry into the grievances of indigo sharecroppers in Champaran. This led to a resolution where landlords agreed, in principle, to refund 50% of the unjustly extorted money, marking a significant victory for the peasants.

Q12. Gandhi not only alleviated the economic conditions of the Champaran people but also their social and cultural background. Justify.

Ans:

Educational Reforms:

Gandhi's commitment to social transformation in Champaran extended to addressing educational gaps. He appealed for teachers, leading to the establishment of primary schools, aiming to uplift the community's educational standards.

Health and Hygiene Initiatives:

Recognizing the poor health conditions, Gandhi took steps to improve healthcare. A volunteered doctor provided medical assistance, and basic medicines were distributed. Efforts to enhance personal cleanliness and community sanitation were also emphasized.

Empowering Women:

Gandhi's concern for women's conditions in Champaran manifested in instructions to address clothing issues. This initiative aimed at empowering women and improving their living conditions, contributing to broader societal upliftment.

Self-Reliance and Holistic Transformation:

Gandhi's emphasis on self-reliance went beyond economic aspects, fostering a holistic societal transformation. His vision integrated education, health, and empowerment initiatives, aiming to break social and cultural backwardness and create an inclusive and empowered community.

Conclusion :

The Champaran episode exemplifies Gandhi's multifaceted approach, not only addressing economic injustices but also laying the foundation for comprehensive social development. His initiatives formed an integral part of India's journey towards independence.

2020

Q. What was the contract between the sharecroppers of Champaran and their British landlords?

Ans:

1. Mandatory Indigo Cultivation: The landlords required all tenants, who were sharecroppers, to plant a specific portion of their holdings with indigo. This was typically set at three twentieths or 15 percent of their total land.

2. Surrender of Entire Indigo Harvest: According to the contract, the sharecroppers were obligated to surrender the entire indigo harvest from the specified portion of their land to the landlords as rent. This was done under a long-term contractual arrangement.

Lost Spring

2023

Q1. What vicious circle are the bangle-makers trapped in?

The bangle-makers in Firozabad are trapped in a vicious circle involving middlemen, police, bureaucrats, and politicians. These middlemen exploit the poverty and helplessness of the bangle-making families, keeping them in a perpetual state of poverty. The lack of organization and leadership among the bangle-makers prevents them from breaking free from this cycle. The middlemen, along with other authorities, create a system that perpetuates their exploitation, making it difficult for the bangle-makers to improve their lives or escape from the clutches of poverty.

Q2. The description of Seemapuri creates a very dismal picture. Explain

Ans: Seemapuri is described as a place on the periphery of Delhi, inhabited by squatters who came from Bangladesh in 1971. The living conditions in Seemapuri are dismal, with structures made of mud, roofs of tin and tarpaulin, and a lack of basic amenities such as sewage, drainage, or running water. The 10,000 ragpickers who live in Seemapuri have no official identity or permits, but they manage to survive through ration cards that allow them to buy grain. The place is characterized by poverty, lack of infrastructure, and a struggle for survival, highlighting the harsh realities faced by those who have migrated and settled in such areas.

Q3. Firozabad presents a strange paradox the beauty of the glass bangles and the misery of the people who make bangles. Discuss. (120-150 words/ 5 Marks)

Firozabad encapsulates a poignant paradox where the aesthetic allure of glass bangles sharply contrasts with the pervasive misery of the individuals responsible for crafting these intricate ornaments. The town, renowned for its glass-blowing industry, produces bangles that epitomize vibrant hues and cultural significance, symbolizing auspiciousness in marriages. The craftsmanship involved in creating these adornments adds to their beauty, making them sought after across the country.

However, this picturesque image unravels when one delves into the lives of the bangle-makers. These artisans, toiling in dingy cells without adequate light or ventilation, endure harsh conditions while creating these symbols of beauty. The narrative unveils the grim reality of child labor, where approximately 20,000 children work in the glass furnaces, exposed to high temperatures and risking the brightness of their eyes.

The families involved in bangle-making, despite being an integral part of a renowned industry, live in squalor. Poverty, lack of education, and absence of basic amenities define their daily existence. The paradox lies in the stark dichotomy between the allure of the final product and the grim circumstances of those crafting it. Firozabad becomes a microcosm of the societal disparities, where the beauty of tradition is overshadowed by the exploitation and destitution of the very artisans preserving it.

Q4. Why can the bangle-makers not organize themselves into a cooperative ?

The bangle-makers cannot organize themselves into a cooperative due to the fear of legal repercussions. The young men in Firozabad express concern that even if they were to organize, they would be targeted by the police, beaten, and possibly sent to jail for engaging in what is considered illegal activities. This fear reflects the power dynamics and exploitation present in their working environment. The absence of a leader among them and the belief that even organized efforts would be met with legal consequences contribute to their reluctance to form a cooperative and break free from the exploitative system imposed by middlemen and authorities.

Q5. ‘Lost Spring’ and ‘Indigo’ bring out how the common man is a victim of exploitation. Explain.

Ans: Both "Lost Spring" and "Indigo" highlight the exploitation and victimization of the common man, especially in the context of socio-economic and cultural issues.

1. Economic Exploitation in 'Indigo'

In "Indigo," the exploitation is evident in the relationship between the English landlords and Indian sharecroppers in Champaran. The landlords, owning large estates, forced the peasants to plant a significant portion of their land with indigo and surrender the entire harvest as rent.
The landlords took advantage of the peasants' lack of awareness and literacy to secure agreements, later compensating them for the release of the indigo arrangement when synthetic indigo was introduced.

The peasants were coerced and oppressed, facing the dilemma of signing agreements that they didn't fully understand. The landlords, backed by legal and physical force, perpetuated the economic exploitation.

2. Social and Cultural Exploitation in 'Lost Spring':

In "Lost Spring," the focus is on the socio-economic conditions of ragpickers living in Seemapuri, a settlement of squatters on the outskirts of Delhi.
The residents, originally from Bangladesh, lack official identities and live in abject poverty. They scavenge through garbage dumps for a living, highlighting their economic exploitation and marginalization.
The story also touches upon the cultural exploitation as the ragpickers, despite living in the same city, remain invisible and excluded. They lack access to basic amenities like education, perpetuating a cycle of poverty.

3. Child Labor and Lack of Opportunities in 'Lost Spring':

"Lost Spring" introduces characters like Saheb and Mukesh, who symbolize the exploitation of child labor. Saheb scrounges for gold in garbage dumps, and Mukesh works in a glass-blowing industry in Firozabad.

Mukesh's dream of becoming a motor mechanic is overshadowed by the harsh reality of poverty, lack of education, and limited opportunities. The children are forced into labor due to economic conditions and social structures that deny them a chance for personal development.

4. Resistance and Change in 'Indigo':

In "Indigo," resistance comes in the form of Mahatma Gandhi, who challenges the unjust system. His involvement in the Champaran episode illustrates how civil disobedience can be a powerful tool against economic exploitation.

Gandhi's efforts lead to an official inquiry, exposing the exploitation by landlords, and ultimately a settlement that brings relief to the sharecroppers. This marks a significant shift in power dynamics and the beginning of liberation for the peasants.
In summary, both stories shed light on the multifaceted exploitation faced by the common man, encompassing economic, social, and cultural dimensions. They emphasize the need for resistance, awareness, and collective efforts to bring about positive change and alleviate the plight of the marginalized.

2020

Q. Life of the bangle makers of Firozabad shows the grinding state of poverty and traditions that condemn thousands of people to live a life of misery. Elaborate

Introduction:

The depiction of life in Firozabad in "Lost Spring" unveils a stark reality – the relentless grip of grinding poverty on families engaged in the traditional occupation of bangle-making. This narrative sheds light on the hazardous working conditions, lack of education, and limited opportunities that generations of bangle makers face.

Cycle of Poverty:

The families, deeply entrenched in glass-blowing and bangle-making, find themselves trapped in a perpetual cycle of poverty. Despite their artistic contributions to culturally significant items, such as bangles, economic exploitation and societal norms prevent them from breaking free.

Hazardous Working Conditions:

The story highlights the dismal working conditions in which children, often losing their eyesight before adulthood, are forced to contribute to the family's meager income. The lack of awareness about legal protections perpetuates their exploitation.

Societal Norms and Economic Exploitation:

The tradition of making bangles, passed down through generations, becomes both a source of identity and a shackle. The families remain ensnared in poverty, unable to break free due to societal norms and economic exploitation by middlemen and sahukars.

Call for Reforms:

The narrative highlights the urgent need for social reforms, education, and economic empowerment to break the cycle of poverty that persists in traditional occupations like bangle-making. The lives of these bangle makers illuminate the broader issues of poverty and exploitation plaguing the common man.

Deep Water

What were Douglas' initial thoughts when he was pushed into the pool?
Why did Douglas decide to go to the YMCA pool to learn swimming ?
What handicap did Doughlas suffer from? How did he overcome that?

2020 How did William Douglas’s fear of water start ?

The Rattrap

Q1. Why was the peddler hesitant to accompany the ironmaster to the manor house?

The peddler was hesitant to accompany the ironmaster to the manor house because he had initially deceived the ironmaster by pretending to be an old acquaintance named Captain von Stahle. The ironmaster mistook him for someone else, and the peddler was afraid that his true identity as a poor trader would be revealed. Additionally, he had stolen money from the old man's leather pouch in the cottage, and he feared facing consequences if he went to the manor house with the ironmaster.

Q2. Edla is a contrast to her father, the ironmaster. Explain. (120-150 words/ 5 Marks)

Edla, the daughter of the ironmaster, serves as a stark contrast to her father in terms of compassion, empathy, and social outlook. The ironmaster, driven by societal norms and skepticism, initially views the peddler with suspicion, assuming he is an old acquaintance. In contrast, Edla approaches the situation with a more humane perspective, recognizing the peddler's need for shelter and warmth.

While the ironmaster represents a more rigid and class-conscious attitude, Edla exhibits a kind and open-hearted nature. Her actions, such as interceding for the peddler and insisting on his stay for Christmas Eve, reveal a willingness to see beyond societal stereotypes and extend help to those in need. Edla's compassionate demeanor challenges her father's initial judgment, emphasizing a stark generational and ideological difference between them. This contrast highlights the theme of kindness and humanity prevailing over social status and skepticism in the narrative.

Q3. What made the ironmaster invite the peddler to his house ?

The ironmaster invited the peddler to his house initially because he mistook him for an old regimental comrade named Captain von Stahle. Believing the peddler to be an acquaintance, the ironmaster thought it was only right to offer him shelter and hospitality, especially on Christmas Eve. However, once the ironmaster discovered the deception and the peddler's true identity, he was less pleased and wanted him to leave.

Q4. Who was Edla Williamson ? Why did she visit the forge at night ?

Edla Willmansson is the daughter of the ironmaster in the story. She represents a compassionate and empathetic character in contrast to her father's initial skepticism. Edla visited the forge at night to offer help and shelter to the peddler, a man she believed to be in need. This act of kindness stemmed from her understanding of the peddler's difficult life, as well as her desire to bring warmth and Christmas cheer to someone who seemed destitute.

Q5. Why did the iron master compare Edla to a parson ?

The ironmaster compared Edla to a parson because of her compassionate and charitable nature. He used the phrase when he said, "You do preach worse than a parson," in response to Edla's plea to let the peddler stay for Christmas Eve. The ironmaster acknowledged her inclination towards kindness and generosity, even though he may not have fully shared her sentiments initially.

Q6. What made the peddler think that he had fallen into the trap?

The peddler thought that he had fallen into the trap when he found himself lost in the confusing forest after stealing money from the old man's leather pouch. He had earlier compared the world to a rattrap, where people are enticed by baits, and once ensnared, everything comes to an end. Now, he realized that he had become a victim of his own analogy. The forest represented the trap closing in on him, and he felt trapped in an impenetrable prison from which he thought he could never escape. This situation made him reflect on his own thoughts about the world and its traps.

2022

Q. The iron master accuses the peddler of not being quite honest. What does the peddler say to justify the situation?

The peddler, in response to the ironmaster's accusation of dishonesty, emphasizes several points to justify his actions. Firstly, he asserts that he had not pretended to be anything other than a poor trader. Furthermore, the peddler emphasizes that he had pleaded and begged to be allowed to stay in the forge. The act of pleading and begging suggests a vulnerability and a sincere desire for temporary shelter rather than a malicious intent. Lastly, the peddler presents the option of putting on his rags again and leaving.

Going Places

1. Why did Sophie wish to delve more deeply in her brother's affections?

Ans: Sophie wished to delve more deeply into her brother's affections because she felt a sense of curiosity and longing for the world outside her immediate surroundings. Geoff, being older and working as an apprentice mechanic, represented a connection to a broader world that Sophie desired to explore. She sensed that Geoff had experiences and knowledge beyond her reach, and she wanted to be a part of that, breaking free from the limitations of her current life.

2. Fantasizing and unrealistic dreams sometimes lead to disappointment and disillusionment. Discuss this with reference to the story Going Places. (120-150 Words/ 5 Marks)

Answers: In the story "Going Places," Sophie's fantasizing and unrealistic dreams serve as a central theme that leads to disappointment and disillusionment. Sophie dreams of having a boutique and compares herself to successful figures like Mary Quant. However, her family's financial constraints and the practicalities of life make achieving these dreams challenging. Her aspirations clash with the reality of her future earmarked for the biscuit factory.

Similarly, Sophie's encounter with Danny Casey, a famous footballer, becomes a source of fantasy and excitement. However, when she waits for him by the canal, he doesn't show up, shattering her dreams. This highlights the contrast between her idealized vision and the harsh realities of life. The story underscores the notion that indulging in fantasies and unrealistic dreams can set one up for inevitable disappointment and disillusionment when confronted with the limitations and practicalities of the real world.

Aunt Jennifer's Tigers

2023

Q1. Why do Aunt Jennifer's tigers not fear the men beneath the tree?

Ans: Aunt Jennifer's tigers do not fear the men beneath the tree because they exist in a symbolic world created by Aunt Jennifer herself. The tigers represent her inner strength, desires, and aspirations. In this imaginary world, the tigers are confident and unafraid, reflecting Aunt Jennifer's longing for a life that is free from fear and oppression.

Q2. Why did Aunt Jennifer create tigers so different from her own character?

Ans: Aunt Jennifer created tigers that are different from her own character as a form of artistic expression and an escape from her reality. The tigers symbolize the strength, freedom, and power that she may have felt lacking in her own life. Through her art, Aunt Jennifer can manifest a world where she is not constrained by the societal expectations and the weight of her marriage.

2022

Q3. What does Aunt Jennifer symbolize in the poem 'Aunt Jennifer's Tigers'?

Ans: Aunt Jennifer symbolizes a woman trapped in a stifling marriage and societal expectations. The poem suggests that she is subdued and burdened by the weight of her responsibilities, as indicated by the description of the massive weight of Uncle's wedding band on her hand. The poem portrays Aunt Jennifer as someone who seeks an outlet for her suppressed desires and finds solace in creating an artistic world through her needlework, where she can express her innermost thoughts and aspirations. The tigers in the poem symbolize the strength and freedom that Aunt Jennifer yearns for but cannot fully attain in her real life.

Q4. Explain the irony at the end of the poem, "Aunt Jennifer's Tigers'.

The irony lies in the fact that while Aunt Jennifer's artistic creation, the tigers, exude confidence and fearlessness, Aunt Jennifer's own life is marked by fear and subjugation. The tigers symbolize the strength and freedom she wishes for but cannot fully attain in her reality.

The contrast between the fearless tigers in the artistic panel and Aunt Jennifer's fearful, burdened existence creates a poignant irony, highlighting the disparity between her imaginative world and the harsh realities of her life. Despite her artistic expression, Aunt Jennifer seems unable to break free from the constraints that define her existence.

Q5. Explain the significance of the 'denizens pacing in sleek certainty' in the poem 'Aunt Jennifer's Tigers'.

Ans: In "Aunt Jennifer's Tigers," the phrase "denizens pacing in sleek certainty" symbolizes Aunt Jennifer's artistic creation, representing her suppressed desires for strength and freedom. This imagery contrasts with her oppressed reality, emphasizing the power of art as an outlet for expressing unfulfilled aspirations and breaking free from societal constraints.

Q6. The tigers in the panel that she made Will go on prancing, proud and unafraid. What is the tone of the poet reflected in the above lines ?

Ans: The tone in the lines “The tigers in the panel that she made / Will go on prancing, proud and unafraid” is one of admiration and contrast. The poet admires the tigers’ fearless, bold spirit, contrasting it with the oppressed, restrained life of the woman who created them, highlighting her unfulfilled desires for freedom and strength.

Keeping Quiet

Q1. What according to Pablo Neruda in the poem ‘Keeping Quiet’ is the lesson that we should learn from mother earth?

Ans: In *"Keeping Quiet,"* Pablo Neruda suggests we learn resilience and renewal from Mother Earth. He observes how Earth, despite human exploitation, "appears to be dead" in moments of stillness, yet regenerates with new life. This reflects his message that, by pausing in silence, we too can achieve harmony and nurture positive change within ourselves and our surroundings.

Q2. What is Pablo Neruda’s complaint against fishermen ? ( All India 2024 | Set 1/5/1)

In "Keeping Quiet," Pablo Neruda criticizes fishermen for harming marine life, specifically by killing whales. His complaint reflects a broader concern about humanity’s destructive impact on nature. Neruda urges fishermen—and humanity at large—to pause and reflect on their actions, advocating for a moment of quiet to foster respect for all forms of life.

Q3.

Comparative Study between 'Keeping Quiet' & A Roadside Stand'.

Imagine you are Pablo Neruda of ‘Keeping Quiet’. He advises Robert Frost in the context of his conflict and pain at the plight of the roadside stand owners. Pen down your advice in a letter to Robert Frost. You may begin.

Dear Frost, You seem very pained at the plight of the roadside stand owners, and I would like to advise you…

Ans: Dear Frost,

You seem very pained at the plight of the roadside stand owners, and I would like to advise you to pause and reflect on the deeper implications of their struggles. In "Keeping Quiet," I emphasize the importance of silence and introspection, urging people to embrace stillness. This moment of quiet can reveal the underlying beauty and humanity of those who toil in the shadows.

Consider how the roadside stand owners represent the marginalized voices of society. Their longing for recognition and fair treatment is a cry for connection, not just with customers but with a world that often overlooks their efforts. In your observations, remember that their pain speaks volumes about the larger social injustices we face.

Encourage others to acknowledge their plight. Promote understanding and compassion, fostering a sense of community that transcends economic boundaries. As we remain silent, let us also become advocates for change, ensuring that their stories are heard and valued.

By uniting our voices in support of those who suffer, we can inspire a movement toward empathy and justice. Together, we can create a world where every individual's contribution is appreciated, and where beauty, much like the vibrant roadside stands, can flourish amidst adversity.

Warm regards,

Pablo Neruda

The Roadside Stand

Q1. Who does the poet accuse of having double standards in The Roadside Stand?

Ans: The poet accuses both the government and social service agencies of having double standards. Although they claim to uplift rural people, they exploit them instead. Phrases like "greedy good-doers" and "beneficent beasts of prey" indicate that these agencies, under the guise of providing help, are actually taking advantage of the rural poor, offering them little real benefit.

Q2. What does the expression ‘polished traffic’ refer to? What does it reveal about city people?

The expression "polished traffic" refers to the affluent city people driving by in their sophisticated cars. It suggests that these people are indifferent to the struggles of rural folk, viewing the roadside stands as a blemish on the landscape rather than as small businesses seeking support. This reveals the insensitivity of city people to the plight of the countryside, as they remain detached from and uninterested in rural poverty.

Q3. A Roadside Stand is a social satire depicting the two contrasting worlds existing in society. Justify this statement with reference to the poem. ( 120-150 Words/ 5 Marks)

Ans: In A Roadside Stand, Robert Frost highlights the stark contrast between rural poverty and urban affluence, using the roadside stand as a symbol of rural people’s desperate attempt to improve their lives. The rural folk, filled with "childish longing," set up stands in the hope that city people might stop and buy their goods. However, the polished traffic merely passes by, indifferent to their plight. This indifference underscores the isolation of the rural poor, as they watch in “almost open prayer” for customers who never arrive. Moreover, government and social agencies claim to help these people, but instead "enforce benefits" that strip away their independence, further highlighting the exploitation and broken promises they endure. Through this portrayal, Frost offers a social satire, emphasizing the insensitivity of the urban elite and the deceptive “good intentions” of authorities, revealing a divided society where the aspirations of the rural poor are overshadowed by urban privilege and hypocrisy.

Poets & Pancakes

In the chapter ' Poets and Pancakes', the author has used gentle humour to point out human foibles. Pick out instances of this to show how it served to make the extract engaging.

A Thing of Beauty

In the poem ' A Thing of Beauty' how is grandeur connected with the mighty dead?

Ans: In *"A Thing of Beauty,"* Keats links grandeur with the "mighty dead" by celebrating the noble legacy of great individuals. He refers to “the endless fountain of immortal drink” that flows to us, symbolizing the eternal inspiration drawn from their heroic deeds. The grandeur of these figures lies in their lasting impact; their lives and achievements continue to uplift and inspire humanity, thus becoming a source of timeless beauty.
Explain 'On every morrow are we wreathing.'
In "On every morrow, are we wreathing," Keats conveys that each day, we actively gather beauty, symbolized by a "wreath." This ongoing effort connects us to nature and joy, providing solace amid despair. The line emphasizes beauty's transformative power, nurturing our spirits despite life's challenges.

2022

Q3.In What way do the things of beauty leave a lasting impression on us?

Things of beauty leave a lasting impression by evoking profound emotions and fostering peace. In the poem, the "sun," "moon," "trees," and "daffodils" symbolize natural beauty that inspires joy and hope. Such imagery uplifts our spirits, as they remind us of life’s goodness, creating cherished memories amidst challenges.

All India 2024 | Set I/5/1

Q4 How and why does Keats relate ‘mighty dead’ to the ‘Thing of Beauty’ ? ( A Thing of Beauty)

Ans: In "A Thing of Beauty,"* Keats connects the "mighty dead" to beautiful things by honoring great figures of the past whose noble deeds continue to inspire. He mentions “the tales we have heard or read” of these legendary heroes, suggesting that their legacy is a source of enduring beauty. Through this connection, Keats highlights how the memory of their courage and achievements provides timeless inspiration, becoming part of life’s lasting beauty.

COMPARATIVE STUDY OF TWO POEMS ( COMPETENCY-BASED QUESTIONS)

…… but will keep A bower quiet for us. (A Thing of Beauty) Perhaps the Earth can teach us as when everything seems dead and later proves to be alive. (Keeping Quiet) Based on ideas from ‘Keeping Quiet’ and ‘A Thing of Beauty’, as President of Eco Club of your school. Draft a speech on the importance of preserving nature for the benefit of mankind. You may begin like this.

Good morning to one and all ! After reading both the poems, I strongly believe ……………. ( ALL INDIA 2024 | SET 1/5/1)

Ans: Good morning to one and all! After reading both the poems "A Thing of Beauty" by John Keats and "Keeping Quiet" by Pablo Neruda, I strongly believe in the profound connection between nature and our well-being. Keats highlights that nature provides a "bower quiet" for us, symbolizing a tranquil space that nurtures our spirits. This beauty is essential for our mental and emotional health, reminding us of life’s goodness even in challenging times.

On the other hand, Neruda's reflection on how the Earth can teach us illustrates nature's resilience. Even when it seems lifeless, it has the capacity to rejuvenate and inspire hope. This dual perspective emphasizes that preserving nature is not just an ecological necessity but a moral obligation for humanity.

As the President of the Eco Club, I urge each of you to recognize the importance of our environment. By protecting our natural resources, we ensure a better quality of life for ourselves and future generations. We must engage in sustainable practices, support conservation efforts, and educate others about the beauty and lessons nature has to offer.

Let us work together to preserve the earth’s wonders so that we can continue to experience the joy and serenity they bring. Thank you!

My Mother At Sixty Six

Q1. What is the significance of the word ‘but’ in ‘but all I said was see you soon, Amma ?

Ans: In the line "but all I said was see you soon, Amma" from Kamala Das's poem "My Mother at Sixty-six," the word "but" signifies a contrast between the poet's internal feelings and her outward expression. While she is overwhelmed with emotions like sadness and anxiety about her mother’s aging, she chooses to convey a light-hearted, reassuring farewell instead. The use of "but" underscores the gap between her true emotions and her attempt to maintain a brave facade, highlighting the complexity of their relationship and the poet's struggle with the inevitability of loss.

Q2. It is said that the ‘Face is a mirror of one’s emotions.’ Why did the poet ‘smile and smile’? (My Mother at Sixty-six)

Ans: In Kamala Das's poem "My Mother at Sixty-six," the poet smiles to conceal her sadness and anxiety about her mother's frailty. The smile symbolizes reassurance and love, reflecting her struggle to stay composed amidst emotional turmoil, while conveying warmth and comfort in the face of aging and loss.

Q3. Create a comprehensive comparison of the themes present in ‘Aunt Jennifer’s Tigers’ and ‘My Mother at Sixty-Six’. Specifically discuss the different ways each poem addresses the concept of struggle and resilience. ( All India 2024 | set 1/1/1)

Both "Aunt Jennifer's Tigers" and "My Mother at Sixty-Six" explore themes of struggle and resilience, though from different perspectives. In "Aunt Jennifer's Tigers," the protagonist faces oppression within a patriarchal society, enduring the hardships of her marriage while yearning for strength and freedom. Her artistic expression, embodied in the creation of tigers, symbolizes her desire for fearlessness and pride.

Conversely, "My Mother at Sixty-Six" portrays the struggle of fulfilling familial duties while confronting the inevitable realities of aging and loss. The poet hides her true emotions behind a reassuring smile, promising her mother that she will return soon. The mother’s aging reflects her own resilience in facing life's challenges.

Both poems highlight the tension between external constraints and inner strength, showcasing how art and familial bonds can serve as sources of empowerment amidst personal struggles.

Q4. Write a comparative analysis for your study group focusing on how the poems “Keeping Quiet” and “My Mother at Sixty-six” illuminate the different facets of human introspection and the significance of quiet reflection in understanding oneself.

Ans: In Pablo Neruda's "Keeping Quiet" and Kamala Das's "My Mother at Sixty-Six," both poems explore the theme of human introspection, albeit in distinct ways. "Keeping Quiet" emphasizes the importance of quiet reflection as a means to promote self-awareness and foster mutual understanding among people. Neruda advocates for silence, suggesting that it can lead to global harmony and a collective introspection that transcends borders, encouraging readers to pause and consider the impact of their actions for a better future.

In contrast, "My Mother at Sixty-Six" delves into the more personal aspect of introspection within familial relationships. The poem poignantly reflects the speaker's complex emotions regarding her aging mother, revealing her distress and childhood fears of separation. While it acknowledges the necessity of reassurance and connection, it also underscores the inevitability of loss and the passage of time.

Together, these poems illuminate how quiet reflection—whether in the context of global harmony or personal relationships—enables deeper understanding of oneself and others, highlighting the multifaceted nature of human introspection.

VISTAS

Journey to the End of the Earth

Q1. What were the author's initial emotions on setting foot in Antarctica?

The author's initial emotions on setting foot in Antarctica were relief, followed by immediate and profound wonder. The relief likely stemmed from the culmination of a long and arduous journey involving various modes of transportation. The wonder was directed at the immensity and isolation of Antarctica, particularly reflecting on the historical connection when India and Antarctica were part of the same landmass.

Q2. What are the significant features of the ‘Students on Ice Programme’?

The significant features of the 'Students on Ice Programme' include its aim to provide high school students with inspiring educational opportunities at the ends of the world, particularly in Antarctica. The program, led by Geoff Green, focuses on fostering a new understanding and respect for the planet among the future generation of policy-makers. It offers life-changing experiences for students, allowing them to absorb, learn, and take action regarding environmental issues.

Q3. Why did Geoff Green include young students in his programme?

Geoff Green included young students in the 'Students on Ice Programme' because he wanted to offer the future generation of policy-makers a life-changing experience at an age when they are ready to absorb, learn, and act. The program aims to instill a deeper understanding and respect for the planet in young minds, emphasizing the importance of environmental conservation and sustainability.

Q4. How can a visit to Antarctica be an enlightening experience? Elaborate.

A visit to Antarctica can be an enlightening experience due to several factors. The continent's pristine environment, devoid of human population, allows for a direct observation of natural processes and ecosystems. Antarctica's simple ecosystem and lack of biodiversity make it an ideal place to study how small changes in the environment can have significant repercussions. Additionally, the continent holds ancient ice cores with half-million-year-old carbon records, providing insights into the Earth's past, present, and future. The immersive experience in Antarctica forces individuals to place themselves in the context of the Earth's geological history, fostering a deep appreciation for the planet's fragility and the impact of human activities.

Q5. How has human civilization impacted our environment? Comment with reference to the lesson 'Journey to the End of the Earth'.

Human civilization has impacted the environment significantly, as highlighted in the lesson 'Journey to the End of the Earth.' The author mentions that human civilizations have been around for a relatively short period of 12,000 years, yet in this brief time, humans have created a considerable impact. The rapid increase in human populations has led to competition with other species for limited resources, while the unmitigated burning of fossil fuels has contributed to a rise in carbon dioxide levels, affecting the global climate.

The lesson emphasizes climate change as one of the most contested environmental debates, and Antarctica plays a crucial role in this discussion. The continent's pristine nature and ice cores containing ancient carbon records make it a vital location for studying the Earth's past, present, and future.

The author suggests that witnessing the visible effects of climate change, such as glaciers retreating and ice shelves collapsing, makes the threat of global warming more tangible. Overall, the lesson highlights the importance of understanding and addressing the environmental impact of human activities, especially in the context of climate change and its potential consequences.

2020

How was Gondwana different from today’s world ? Describe it.

Ans: Gondwana was a giant amalgamated southern supercontinent that existed approximately 600 to 500 million years ago. It was centered roughly around the present-day Antarctica and included landmasses that are now part of South America, Africa, Antarctica, Australia, the Indian subcontinent, and the Arabian Peninsula. Gondwana was significantly different from today's world in several aspects:

1. Geographical Configuration: Gondwana represented a massive landmass that was a combination of several continents. The continents we recognize today were part of this singular supercontinent, and their current positions and shapes were vastly different from what we see today.

2. Climate: The climate of Gondwana during its existence was much warmer than the present. It hosted a diverse range of flora and fauna due to the milder temperatures. The climate supported a wide variety of ecosystems across the supercontinent.

3. Biodiversity: Gondwana thrived for approximately 500 million years, and during this time, it harbored a rich diversity of plant and animal species. However, these species were different from the ones we find today, as evolution and extinction events have shaped the Earth's biodiversity over millions of years.

4. Human Presence: Human beings had not yet appeared on the global scene during the time of Gondwana. The emergence of complex life forms, including humans, occurred much later in the Earth's history.

5. Landmass Arrangement: Over time, as the dinosaurs went extinct and the age of mammals began, Gondwana started to break apart. The landmasses drifted and separated, forming the continents as we know them today. This process shaped the modern geographical arrangement of continents and ocean basins.

6. Continental Drift: The breakup of Gondwana played a crucial role in the phenomenon of continental drift. The separation of landmasses and their movement over geological time scales has influenced the Earth's topography and climate patterns.

In summary, Gondwana was a vastly different world from today, characterized by a warmer climate, different species, and a singular supercontinent that eventually gave rise to the continents we recognize in the present day. The study of Gondwana provides insights into the dynamic geological and climatic changes that have shaped the Earth over millions of years.

The Third Level

Q1. Describe briefly the Third Level. How did it differ from the Second Level?

The Third Level is a mysterious and seemingly time-traveling location within Grand Central Station. Charley discovers it accidentally when he gets lost trying to take the subway home.

The Third Level is distinct from the Second Level in that it appears to be a portal to the past, specifically the year 1894. The atmosphere on the Third Level reflects the late 19th century, with people dressed in clothing from that era, gaslights illuminating the space, and outdated technology. It is a place where one can apparently purchase train tickets to various destinations in the United States but for the year 1894.

Q2. What role does Sam’s letter play in the story?

Sam's letter serves as crucial evidence for Charley and Louisa that the Third Level is real. It confirms that Sam, who disappeared mysteriously, has found the Third Level and is living in Galesburg, Illinois, in 1894. The letter is a message of invitation for Charley and Louisa to join him on the Third Level, emphasizing the idyllic and peaceful life of that time. Sam's letter becomes a catalyst for Charley and Louisa to believe in the existence of the Third Level and motivates them to keep searching for it.

Q3. What do you learn about Galesburg, Illinois, during 1894 from the lesson 'The Third Level'?

From the story, we learn that Galesburg, Illinois, in 1894 is depicted as a charming and peaceful town. The description includes big old frame houses, huge lawns, and tall trees with branches meeting overhead. The evenings are described as being twice as long, with people sitting on their lawns, men smoking cigars and talking quietly, and women waving palm-leaf fans. The setting portrays a serene and idyllic atmosphere, emphasizing the nostalgia and appeal of the past.

Q4. Why did Charley buy old-style currency?

Charley bought old-style currency because he wanted to use it to purchase tickets on the Third Level at Grand Central Station. When he initially tried to buy tickets with modern currency, the clerk rejected it, considering it counterfeit. To avoid suspicion and ensure a successful transaction, Charley exchanged his modern money for old-style bills, matching the currency used in the year 1894 on the Third Level.

Q5. Do you think that the third level was a medium of escape? Why/Why not?

Yes, the Third Level can be interpreted as a medium of escape. Charley and others who find this mysterious level have the opportunity to travel back in time to a seemingly simpler and more peaceful era, away from the complexities and troubles of the modern world.

The appeal of Galesburg, Illinois, in 1894, with its nostalgic charm, represents a desire for an escape from the anxieties of the present. The Third Level becomes a literal and metaphorical escape route for those seeking refuge from the challenges of their contemporary lives.

2020

Q. The modern world is full of insecurity, fear, war, worry and stress. What are the ways in which we attempt to overcome them? (120-150 Words/ 5 Marks)

1. Psychological Escapism:

Individuals often resort to psychological escapism as a means of overcoming the challenges posed by the modern world. This involves seeking refuge in alternate realities or daydreams to temporarily detach from the harsh realities of life.

2. Hobbies and Collections:

Engaging in hobbies or building collections, as seen in the protagonist's stamp collecting, serves as a temporary refuge from the stresses of the contemporary world. These activities provide a sense of purpose and diversion from daily anxieties.

3. Seeking Unconventional Solutions:

In the case of Charley from "The Third Level," the discovery of the mysterious Third Level at Grand Central Station becomes an unconventional solution. It symbolizes a physical and temporal escape, offering a retreat to a seemingly simpler era.

4. Nostalgia and Idealization:

An inclination towards nostalgia and idealization of the past is a common strategy. The desire to revisit a perceived better time, as showcased in the story's portrayal of 1894, reflects an attempt to escape the challenges of the contemporary world.

5. Materialistic Distractions:

Some individuals turn to materialistic distractions, such as acquiring old-style currency, to recreate a semblance of the past. This may involve collecting vintage items or engaging in activities that evoke a sense of historical comfort.

In summary, people employ diverse strategies ranging from psychological escapism to tangible actions like exploring mysterious avenues, all in an effort to overcome the insecurities, fears, wars, and stress prevalent in the modern world.

The Tiger King

Q1. What was Maharaja's mission? How did he resolve to overcome the obstacles in the fulfilment of his mission?

The Maharaja's mission was to kill a hundred tigers. He resolved to overcome obstacles in the fulfillment of his mission by issuing a proclamation that banned tiger hunting by anyone except himself. The State astrologer's prediction also played a crucial role in shaping his determination. He faced dangers during the hunts, but his indomitable courage and determination allowed him to successfully kill seventy tigers.

Q2. What was the hidden agenda behind the Tiger King’s marriage with the princess in the neighbouring state ?

The hidden agenda behind the Tiger King's marriage with the princess in the neighbouring state was to find a bride from a royal family with a large tiger population. This strategic decision was made to ensure that he could continue his tiger hunts, as killing tigers had become a significant aspect of his identity and rule.

Q3. What did the astrologers depict about the child when he was born?

The astrologers foretold that the newborn prince would mature into a heroic figure, renowned for his bravery and warrior prowess. Additionally, He noted that the infant was born during the hour of the bull, and as the bull and the tiger were considered adversaries, the astrologers predicted that his demise would be attributed to a tiger.

Q4. How did the ‘duraisani’ behave on receiving the gifts?

Upon receiving expensive diamond rings from the Maharaja, the duraisani (wife of the British officer) did not send back the rings as expected. Instead, she thanked the Maharaja for the gifts. Subsequently, a bill for three lakh rupees arrived from the British jewellers, and the Maharaja considered it a small price to pay to retain his kingdom.

Q5. Which problem did the Maharaja face after killing seventy tigers when he had vowed to kill 100 tigers?

After killing seventy tigers, the Maharaja faced a problem when the tiger population became extinct in the forests of Pratibandapuram. Despite his determination to kill a hundred tigers, the scarcity of tigers in his own state became a hurdle, and he struggled to find the remaining thirty tigers.

Q6. Did the Tiger King manage to kill the hundredth Tiger / why /why not ?

No, the Tiger King did not manage to kill the hundredth tiger. In a twist of events, the last tiger he believed he had killed turned out to be alive. The tiger had fainted from the shock of a missed bullet, and the Maharaja remained unaware of this. The tiger was later killed by one of the hunters to maintain the Maharaja's belief that he had successfully completed his mission. In a tragic turn of events, the Maharaja contracted a fatal infection from a wooden splinter while playing with a toy tiger, and the surgeons declared him dead after a failed operation. This marked the hundredth tiger's final revenge upon the Tiger King.

2020

How did the Tiger King meet his end ? What is ironical about his death?

Ans: The Tiger King, Maharaja Jilani Jung Jung Bahadur, met his end due to an unexpected turn of events following his mission to kill a hundred tigers. After successfully hunting numerous tigers, he faced a shortage as the tiger population in Pratibandapuram's forests became extinct.

The irony lies in the fact that the Maharaja, known for his prowess in tiger hunting, did not meet his end during a tiger hunt. Instead, his death resulted from a seemingly trivial incident. While playing with a wooden tiger toy meant for his son, he suffered an infection from a splinter that led to a fatal suppurating sore. This ironic twist contrasts with his grand ambitions and fearless encounters with real tigers.

Despite efforts by renowned surgeons to treat the infection, the Maharaja's condition worsened. The irony deepened when the surgeons, who intended to save him through an operation, emerged from the theatre declaring the operation successful while simultaneously announcing the Maharaja's demise. This unforeseen consequence marked the hundredth tiger's final revenge, fulfilling the astrologers' prediction in an unexpected and ironic manner.

On The Face of It

Q1. Mr. Lamb stands as a symbol of optimism and hope. Support your answer with examples from the text.

Ans: Mr. Lamb exemplifies optimism and hope through his acceptance of life’s imperfections. Despite losing a leg in the war, he dismisses it, saying, "Tin doesn’t hurt." He finds beauty in all life, even calling weeds “alive, growing,” challenging conventional judgments about appearance. His open garden symbolizes his open heart, welcoming everyone regardless of their flaws. Mr. Lamb encourages Derry, a boy with a scarred face, to embrace life, stating that he has “two arms, two legs, eyes, ears, a tongue, and a brain.” Through his words and actions, Mr. Lamb teaches Derry to look beyond physical appearances, inspiring him to live with a positive outlook on life.

Q2. What gave Derry the courage to go back to Mr. Lamb’s house despite his mother’s refusal?

Derry returns to Mr. Lamb's house, defying his mother, because Mr. Lamb's words deeply resonate with him. For the first time, he encounters someone who doesn’t judge him by his appearance but sees him as an individual with potential. Mr. Lamb’s encouragement to “look, listen, and think” opens Derry’s mind to new perspectives, and he finds a sense of belonging and understanding that he doesn’t experience elsewhere. This motivates Derry to confront his fears and insecurities, as he realizes he wants to explore life fully. Mr. Lamb’s influence instills in Derry the courage to break free from his isolation.

Q3. Derek wants to go back to Mr. Lamb's House against his mother's will. What does this tell you about Mr. Lamb?

Ans: Derry’s determination to return to Mr. Lamb’s house shows Mr. Lamb’s deep impact on him. Mr. Lamb is not merely a stranger but a mentor who encourages Derry’s growth. His genuine kindness, resilience, and nonjudgmental outlook make him a powerful influence, instilling confidence in Derry that he never received from others. Derry's willingness to defy his mother’s instructions reveals the trust and respect he has for Mr. Lamb, who offers him acceptance and a positive view on life. This demonstrates Mr. Lamb’s remarkable ability to uplift others, even those burdened by hardship, making him a transformative figure in Derry’s life.

2022

Q4. Who is Mr. Lamb? How does Derry get into his garden?

Ans: Mr. Lamb is an elderly man with a physical disability—he has a tin leg, which he lost in the war. He lives alone in a large house with an open garden, filled with plants, trees, and a beehive. Known for his kindness and wisdom, Mr. Lamb keeps the garden gate open, inviting anyone who wishes to enter. His outlook on life is optimistic; he finds beauty in everything, including weeds, and encourages others to look beyond appearances.

Derry, a young boy with a scarred face, enters Mr. Lamb’s garden by climbing over the wall, assuming the place is deserted. Drawn by the peaceful environment, Derry explores the garden, unaware that Mr. Lamb is watching him.

Q2. How did Mr. Lamb's conversation and company change Derry's desire to isolate himself from the society?

Mr. Lamb’s acceptance and philosophy challenge Derry’s desire for isolation. Unlike others who pity him, Mr. Lamb treats Derry as an equal, reminding him that “it’s what’s inside that matters.” His stories of children calling him “Lamey-Lamb” demonstrate how he accepts his own imperfections without resentment. Mr. Lamb’s outlook encourages Derry to reject self-pity and to see the world as a place of potential beauty, even if flawed. Through Mr. Lamb’s openness and understanding, Derry’s perception shifts, and he begins to realize that he, too, can connect with others without being defined solely by his appearance.

Q3. Imagine you are Derry speaking at the funeral of Mr. Lamb highlighting Mr. Lamb’s optimism and the change he brought about in your attitude towards life. You may begin like this.

Dear friends, I will be eternally grateful to Mr. Lamb ……

(All India 2024 | set 1/5/1)

Ans:

Dear friends,

I will be eternally grateful to Mr. Lamb, who transformed my life in ways I never thought possible. When I first met him, I was bitter, isolated, and full of self-pity because of my scarred face. I believed everyone saw me as nothing but ugly. But Mr. Lamb saw beyond my scars; he taught me to look past what’s on the outside and see the beauty within myself and others. He often said, “It’s all life, growing, just like the weeds in the garden.” He taught me that everything, even what seems unwanted, has worth.

Mr. Lamb’s optimism showed me that life is meant to be embraced, not feared. He encouraged me to face the world with courage and live fully, regardless of what others think. Today, I am stronger, braver, and no longer afraid to be myself—all because of Mr. Lamb’s friendship and wisdom. His spirit of kindness and resilience will live on in me forever.

Q4. Derry : It’s got nothing to do with my face and what I look like. You do agree with Derry that appearance doesn’t define a person. Only one’s potential and innate qualities gain one respect and dignity in society. As Derry, write a diary entry regretting how you wasted your time indulging in self-pity and frustration and how your encounter with Mr. Lamb transformed your personality. You may begin like this.

I do really thank my stars for bringing Mr. Lamb into my life ……

Ans:

Time: 21:00 hrs

Dear Diary,

I do really thank my stars for bringing Mr. Lamb into my life. Before meeting him, I spent so much time drowning in self-pity, believing that my scar defined me. I was certain that people saw nothing beyond my disfigured face, and I let that belief limit my life. Looking back, I realize how much time I wasted in bitterness and isolation.

But Mr. Lamb changed everything. He showed me that appearance is only a small part of who we are. He made me understand that self-worth comes from within, from our potential, our dreams, and how we choose to see the world. He saw value in everything, even the weeds, and he helped me see that I, too, have worth beyond my appearance. Now, I feel stronger, and I’m ready to face the world without fear. I owe this newfound courage to Mr. Lamb and his unshakable optimism.

The Enemy

Q1. What impressions do you form of Dr. Sadao's father from the story 'the Enemy'?

Ans: Dr. Sadao’s father is depicted as a stern, disciplined, and traditional man with a strong sense of national pride and ambition for his son. His primary focus is Sadao's education, as he believes that knowledge and skill will lead Japan toward a prosperous future. He takes pride in Japan’s progress and believes in its potential for greatness, a belief he instills in Sadao by frequently saying that the islands are "stepping stones" for Japan’s future. Although he doesn’t display affection openly, his dedication to Sadao’s growth is evident. Sadao’s father is selective, even in personal matters, and would only accept a Japanese wife for his son. This portrayal shows his deep-seated cultural values and his hopes for Sadao to serve the country.

Q2. Why was Dr. Sadao not sent abroad with the troops?

Dr. Sadao was not sent abroad with the Japanese troops because of his crucial contributions to medical science, particularly in surgery. He was working on a significant discovery to make wounds completely clean, which was essential for Japan during the wartime. His medical expertise and ongoing research made him invaluable at home, as his skills were needed for both soldiers and possible emergency cases within Japan. Additionally, the old General had a medical condition that might eventually require surgery, so Dr. Sadao’s presence was required for the General’s potential operation. His talents were too valuable to risk in combat, so he remained in Japan, where he could continue his research and be available for critical cases.

Q3. Dr. Sadao emerges as a Saviour of humanity. Substantiate your answer with evidence from the text.

Ans: Dr. Sadao demonstrates a commitment to humanity when he saves the life of an American prisoner of war despite his nationality and the risk of being labelled a traitor. Although the American is technically his enemy, Sadao’s medical ethics drive him to perform surgery to save his life, even under societal pressure to let him die. He operates skilfully, using his expertise and compassion, and later provides the prisoner with a means of escape to ensure his safety. Sadao’s decision not only saves the man’s life but also demonstrates his moral courage in choosing human compassion over prejudice and nationalism, reinforcing his role as a healer dedicated to saving lives, regardless of race or political affiliations.

Q4. Dr. Sadao is torn between his duty as a doctor and his responsibility as a patriotic citizen. Elaborate.

Dr. Sadao faces a profound inner conflict between his professional duty as a doctor and his loyalty to Japan. On one hand, his medical ethics compel him to save the injured American soldier, who is in dire need of care. As a doctor, Sadao believes in preserving life, regardless of nationality. However, as a Japanese citizen during wartime, he understands the risks of helping an enemy soldier, which could be viewed as treasonous. His struggle is further heightened by the pressure from his household staff and the potential threat to his family. Ultimately, Sadao chooses to heal the man, even risking his safety, and later helps him escape. This choice reflects his dedication to his ethical principles, demonstrating the difficult balance between personal integrity and national allegiance.

All India 2024 | Set 1/1/1

Q5. Dr. Sadao is disturbed and in a dilemma since he has decided to help the enemy soldier. Describe his conflict and the challenges faced in the form of a diary entry.

Ans:

March 3, 1945

Tonight, I find myself in great turmoil. I made the decision to save the life of an American soldier—an enemy—despite knowing the risks. The sight of his wounds stirred something in me; as a doctor, I am bound to heal, regardless of who lies before me. But, as a Japanese citizen, my actions could be seen as betrayal. I know that my staff disapproves, and Hana, though loyal, fears for our safety and the children's. I cannot ignore the whispers of doubt around me, yet I cannot abandon my duty as a healer. The General’s condition also complicates matters; he depends on me, but would he protect me if he knew? I am haunted by uncertainty. My hope now rests in finding a solution that keeps my family safe while staying true to my profession.

Q6. What was the servants' reactions to Sadao's decision of treating the American soldier? (All India 2024 | 1/4/1)

Ans: The servants strongly disapproved of Dr. Sadao’s decision to treat the American soldier. They viewed the wounded soldier as an enemy who deserved to die, not to be saved. The old gardener believed it was against nature to heal what the “sea and rocks” had tried to destroy. Yumi, the children’s caretaker, outright refused to wash the soldier, feeling disgusted by the idea of aiding a foreign enemy. Their discontent grew over time, and they feared that Sadao’s actions would bring misfortune upon the household. Eventually, unable to accept his choice, the servants left the house altogether. Their reaction highlights the intense patriotism and prejudice against the enemy, contrasting sharply with Dr. Sadao’s compassionate commitment to his medical duty.

Q7. “I must get rid of this man for your sake”. Said Dr. Sadao. How will you describe Dr. Sadao as a husband with reference to the above line ? (Word Limit 40-50) | All India 2024 | Set 1/5/1)

Ans: Dr. Sadao’s words, “I must get rid of this man for your sake,” reveal his deep care and responsibility toward Hana. Although he is conflicted as a doctor, he prioritizes Hana’s safety and well-being, understanding the fear and burden his decision places on her. This shows his sensitivity and protective nature as a husband.

Q8. After having escaped from Japan with the help of Dr. Sadao, Tom (the prisoner of war) writes an article highlighting how Sadao’s actions demonstrated the importance of humanity and living in harmony. (150 Words). ( All India 2024 | Set 1/5/1)

You may begin like this : Humanity is a value that binds us together ……

Ans: Humanity is a value that binds us together, beyond borders, conflicts, or nationalities. I realized this profoundly when I was saved by a man who should have considered me his enemy—Dr. Sadao Hoki, a Japanese surgeon, who risked everything to save my life. When I washed ashore, gravely wounded and helpless, he could have handed me over to authorities or left me to die, as I was a foreign soldier and Japan’s enemy. Yet, he didn’t. Dr. Sadao’s actions went beyond mere medical duty; he exemplified compassion and bravery, driven by a belief in the sanctity of human life.

Dr. Sadao’s choice reminded me that, at our core, we are all human, bound by shared empathy. His willingness to risk his reputation and family’s safety for a stranger is a lesson in living with kindness and harmony. His example inspires a vision of a world where humanity prevails over hostility.

Q9. “I will have nothing to do with it,” Yumi said, “I am a poor person and it is not my business.” What inference can be drawn about the character of the speaker from the above expression ? ( 40-50 Words) ( All India 2024 | Set 1/5/1)

Yumi’s response, “I will have nothing to do with it,” reveals her strong adherence to social hierarchy and traditional beliefs. As a domestic servant, she feels her role is limited to caring for the family, not aiding an enemy. Her reluctance shows her loyalty to Japan and her discomfort in opposing social norms, even for humanitarian reasons.

We Too Are Humans

What does Zitkala-Sa mean by eating by formula?

Ans: By "eating by formula," Zitkala-Sa refers to the regimented, mechanical dining process imposed on the Native American children at the boarding school. Each movement, from drawing a chair to picking up cutlery, is dictated by bells and overseen by authority figures. This “formulaic” approach robs the act of eating of any comfort or personal freedom, symbolizing the school's rigid control over the children's lives. However, Zitkala-Sa suggests that even this lack of autonomy pales in comparison to the emotional anguish she feels from deeper cultural violations, such as the cutting of her hair.
Bama and Zitkala-Sa, though victims of a system that crushes their aspirations, are determined to break out. Comment. (120 150 words/ 5 Marks)

Ans: Both Bama and Zitkala-Sa face oppressive systems that seek to confine them to a predetermined social position, yet both display strong determination to resist. Zitkala-Sa, a Native American girl forced to cut her long hair—a sign of courage and tradition—defiantly hides under a bed to avoid the scissors, fighting even as she is eventually caught and shorn. Her hair, which symbolizes her cultural identity, becomes a powerful marker of resistance as she experiences the pain of forced conformity. Similarly, Bama, a Dalit girl, encounters the sting of caste discrimination when witnessing an elder in her community humbly delivering food to an upper-caste man. Although she initially finds the scene amusing, her brother's explanation of the discriminatory practices fills her with anger, leading her to a resolve: she will excel academically to rise above such social constraints. These experiences reveal how both women, despite early encounters with injustice, channel their indignation into resistance, marking the beginning of their journeys toward autonomy and dignity.
In the two stories of Bama and Zitkala-Sa in the lesson of 'Memories of Childhood,' there are certain similarities of strength in the face of social challenges. Write a diary entry sharing your observations. (All India 2024 | Set 1/3/1)

Ans:
Time: 20:00 Hrs
Dear Diary,
Today, I read about two women, Bama and Zitkala-Sa, whose stories deeply moved me. Though from different backgrounds—Bama, a Tamil Dalit, and Zitkala-Sa, a Native American—both experienced harsh discrimination in their early years. Bama, through a seemingly simple act of an elder carrying food for an upper-caste man, understood the weight of caste oppression. Her reaction was powerful; rather than feel helpless, she resolved to succeed through education. Zitkala-Sa, on the other hand, fought to retain her cultural identity when her long hair, a symbol of pride and heritage, was forcibly cut by authorities. Each woman, in her own way, confronted societal norms, refusing to accept the subjugation imposed on them. Their resilience is inspiring—a reminder that even in the face of systemic injustice, courage and determination can become powerful tools for change.
‘The words that Annan spoke to me that day made a deep impression on me’. What inference do you draw about the bond between Annan and Bama ? (Word Limit 40-50)| (All India 2024 | set 1/5/1)

The bond between Annan and Bama in Memories of Childhood is one of deep respect and guidance. Annan’s words make a lasting impact on Bama, particularly when he explains that education can help them overcome caste discrimination. When he says, “If you are always ahead in your lessons, people will come to you of their own accord,” he inspires her to strive for excellence. This advice strengthens Bama’s resolve to work hard and succeed, showing how Annan’s wisdom and encouragement empower her to face social injustice with determination.

To be Continued. Keep visiting the site.

For 2025 Board Exam CBSE Competency Based Questions:

Class 10

Class 12

Reading and Grammar Worksheet (PDF)

Personal Mentorship

Chapter-wise Previous-Year Board Exam Questions: English Core | Class XII | Competency-Based | Very Important

"Unleashing Success: Mastering Board Exams with Insights from 2019 to 2024 ''

2024-2019 (Board-PYQs-English)

👇Lessons Hyperlinks for Quick Access👇

Aunt Jennifer's Tigers

The Last Lesson

Q1. When do the residents of Alsace realize how precious their language is to them?

Q2. What was Franz's feeling as he set out for school and why?

Q3. Why was M. Hamel dressed in formal clothes in school?

Q4. The last lesson reflects the flaws in human character that led to the sad plight of people in Alsace. Substantiate your answer with evidence from the text.

Q5. Explain the inference that can be drawn from the line : “Will they make them sing in German, even the pigeons ?” ( All India 2024/ Set 1/5/1)

My Mother At Sixty-Six

Indigo (2023-2022)

Q1. Describe the role of Raj Kumar Shukla in Indigo.

Q2. Champaran Episode as the Beginning of Indian Struggle for Independence.

Q3. Why did Gandhi agree to a settlement of twenty-five percent refund to the peasants?

Q4. Civil Disobedience had triumphed for the first time in modern India. When and how did it happen? (120-150 words/ 5 Marks)

Q5. What does Gandhi refer to as ‘conflict of duties’?

Q6. What would be the impact of synthetic indigo on the prices of natural indigo?

2022

Q7. What would be the impact of synthetic indigo on the prices of natural indigo?

Q8. What changes occurred in the lives of farmers after Gandhi's visit to Champaran?

Q9. How did Civil disobedience triumph for the first time in India?

Q10. Gandhiji worked for the social backwardness in Chamaparan villages. Elaborate with instances from the text.

2022

Q11. Gandhi effectively managed to redress the problems of the indigo sharecroppers with the Lieutenant Governor. What did he achieve?

Q12. Gandhi not only alleviated the economic conditions of the Champaran people but also their social and cultural background. Justify.

2020

Q. What was the contract between the sharecroppers of Champaran and their British landlords?

Lost Spring

2023

Q1. What vicious circle are the bangle-makers trapped in?

Q2. The description of Seemapuri creates a very dismal picture. Explain

Q3. Firozabad presents a strange paradox the beauty of the glass bangles and the misery of the people who make bangles. Discuss. (120-150 words/ 5 Marks)

Q4. Why can the bangle-makers not organize themselves into a cooperative ?

Q5. ‘Lost Spring’ and ‘Indigo’ bring out how the common man is a victim of exploitation. Explain.

2020

Q. Life of the bangle makers of Firozabad shows the grinding state of poverty and traditions that condemn thousands of people to live a life of misery. Elaborate

Deep Water

2020 How did William Douglas’s fear of water start ?

The Rattrap

Q1. Why was the peddler hesitant to accompany the ironmaster to the manor house?

Q2. Edla is a contrast to her father, the ironmaster. Explain. (120-150 words/ 5 Marks)

Q3. What made the ironmaster invite the peddler to his house ?

Q4. Who was Edla Williamson ? Why did she visit the forge at night ?

Q5. Why did the iron master compare Edla to a parson ?

Q6. What made the peddler think that he had fallen into the trap?

2022

Q. The iron master accuses the peddler of not being quite honest. What does the peddler say to justify the situation?

Going Places

1. Why did Sophie wish to delve more deeply in her brother's affections?

2. Fantasizing and unrealistic dreams sometimes lead to disappointment and disillusionment. Discuss this with reference to the story Going Places. (120-150 Words/ 5 Marks)

Aunt Jennifer's Tigers

2023

Q1. Why do Aunt Jennifer's tigers not fear the men beneath the tree?

Q2. Why did Aunt Jennifer create tigers so different from her own character?

2022

Q3. What does Aunt Jennifer symbolize in the poem 'Aunt Jennifer's Tigers'?

Q4. Explain the irony at the end of the poem, "Aunt Jennifer's Tigers'.

Q5. Explain the significance of the 'denizens pacing in sleek certainty' in the poem 'Aunt Jennifer's Tigers'.

Q6. The tigers in the panel that she made Will go on prancing, proud and unafraid. What is the tone of the poet reflected in the above lines ?

Keeping Quiet

Q1. What according to Pablo Neruda in the poem ‘Keeping Quiet’ is the lesson that we should learn from mother earth?

Q2. What is Pablo Neruda’s complaint against fishermen ? ( All India 2024 | Set 1/5/1)

Q3.

Imagine you are Pablo Neruda of ‘Keeping Quiet’. He advises Robert Frost in the context of his conflict and pain at the plight of the roadside stand owners. Pen down your advice in a letter to Robert Frost. You may begin.

Dear Frost, You seem very pained at the plight of the roadside stand owners, and I would like to advise you…

The Roadside Stand

Q1. Who does the poet accuse of having double standards in The Roadside Stand?

Q2. What does the expression ‘polished traffic’ refer to? What does it reveal about city people?

Q3. A Roadside Stand is a social satire depicting the two contrasting worlds existing in society. Justify this statement with reference to the poem. ( 120-150 Words/ 5 Marks)

Poets & Pancakes

A Thing of Beauty

In the poem ' A Thing of Beauty' how is grandeur connected with the mighty dead?

Explain 'On every morrow are we wreathing.'

For 2025 Board Exam
CBSE Competency Based Questions: